ISSN 2285-5750, ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5769, ISSN-L 2285-5750, ISSN Online: 2393 – 2260
 

Published in Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, Vol. LVIII
Written by Oguzhan KAHRAMAN, O. Baris CITIL, M. Selcuk ALATAS, Abdullah OZBILGIN

Folic acid plays an essential role in ruminant nutrition. Microorganisms in the rumen can synthesise folates, but these amounts are not sufficient to achieve the best efficiency of dairy cows. However, the amount of folates synthesised in the rumen could possibly, to some extent, be affected by the forage: concentrate ratio. The supply of folates by the diet and the synthesis by ruminalmicroflora is sufficient to prevent folic acid deficiency in dairy cows and to maintain normal gestation and lactation. Degradation of orally supplemented folic acid in the rumen seems to be very high (about 97 %), as supplementation of folic acid hardly increases folate concentrations in the digesta at the duodenum. However, it must be considered that dietary supplements of folic acid higher than 0·5 mg/kg body weight increased serum folate concentrations in all available studies and milk folate concentrations in most studies. Additionally, milk production tended to be increased in some studies. Therefore, degradation of folic acid in the rumen may be overestimated as folates can be absorbed at the proximal duodenum. For future research it is necessary to consider the whole flow and the metabolic pathways of folates from the rumen to duodenum, blood, tissue, milk and transfer to calf to declare requirement values for cows.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, Vol. LVIII
Written by Ion BUZU

The purpose of this research was to study the genealogical structure and characterization of elite lines of basic herd of sheep Moldovan Karakul type. The research has been done on Karakul sheep from Experimental Section of the National Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Maximovca, from Anenii Noi district. The qualitative assessment of lamb's skins was performed using evaluation methods in the second day after birth, according to the available Instructions on evaluation of Karakul sheep. Elite genealogical lines were created through stringent selection of rams that where founders and followers of the line. The main objectives common to all genealogical lines were: typical exterior of the Karakul race, high body mass at all stages of assessment, according to criteria for the type requested, high milk production of rams mothers line significantly higher than the average herd. The specific objectives were: black line - excellent qualities of the skin, black colour and intense pigmentation; greyish line - medium or dark shade light greyish colour, with an excellent uniformity of staining required or appropriate; gray colour line - excellent gray colour and suitable expressed staining required. As a result of research and selection work has improved the genetics of herd type of Moldovan Karakul sheep, which resulted in forming a genealogical structure of three elite lines, differentiated by colour: black line Corpolent 7094, greyish line Delicat 2049 and gray line Buhar 7001. Each of these lines have common characteristics of selected characters, mainly, on the development of significant weight of the rams at birth 5.5 to 6.8 kg, at 6 months 40-47 kg and at 18 months 70-83 kg, an increased milk production of mothers founders and followers within 80-180 kg per lactation, the weight of lambs was increased in descendants elite and class I (80.8 to 86.8%) and also some specific characteristics of curls, particularly related to colour and colouring follicle sheath, such as blue marble - at the greyish colour, and gold, bronze and diamonds - at the gray colour. The proportion af the animals of each elite lines is quite significant genealogical distributed in the structure of the herd (20.5 to 37.4 %), which provides over a relatively long period, an increase effect in independent pure breeding- this way reducing the high risk of inbreeding.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, Vol. LVIII
Written by Armagan HAYIRLI, Guler YENICE, Feryaz HIRA, Ozgur KAYNAR, Sayda Yadira ARMENTA PEREZ, Fatih Sabit TIKIR, Funda KOCAK

This study was performed to compare morphological egg quality parameters in brown and white laying hen hybrids. Eggs (n=90 from Lohman Brown and n=90 from Lohman White at age of 42 weeks old) were obtained from a commercial poultry company raising laying hens in a multi-tier cage system. Egg quality parameters were analysed using one-way ANOVA considering statistical significance at P < 0.05. Except for shape and yolk indexes, other egg quality parameters did not differ by the hybrid (Table 1). Eggs from Lohman Brown had higher shape (77.74 vs. 74.53%) and yolk (4.19 vs. 3.97%) indexes than eggs from Lohman White. In summary, egg quality parameters for brown and white eggs are similar as long as hens are in the same age and are subjected to the same managerial production protocol.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, Vol. LVIII
Written by Guler YENICE, Ozgur KAYNAR, Feryaz HIRA, Sayda Yadira Armenta PEREZ, Mustafa ILERITURK, Havva Nur IBRAHIMAGAOGLU, Armagan HAYIRLI

This experiment was carried out to compare morphological egg quality parameters of brown eggs laid by chickens reared in different production systems: conventional, free-range, and family type production systems. A total of 270 brown eggs were obtained from commercial poultry companies raising Lohmann Brown in a multi-tier cage system and free-range unit as well as families possessing hens in their yards. Differences in egg quality parameters among the production systems were attained using the LSD option at P < 0.05. All egg quality parameters differed by the husbandry system, except for albumen index. Eggs from the free-range system had characteristics similar to those from the conventional system. Quality of eggs from the family type system had high coefficient variation. In conclusion, high variability in quality of eggs from the family type system could be related to variations in breed, age, and diet, which are uncontrollable and undeterminable. The most strikingly different egg quality parameter in eggs from the family type production, in comparison with other is yolk colour.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, Vol. LVIII
Written by Mustafa Selcuk ALATAS, Huzur Derya UMUCALILAR

SARA is a common and serious problem in well-managed and intensive dairy herds or beef cattle operations, because of triggering other metabolic disorders and causing lactation-fertility losses. It is a metabolic disease in dairy cattle that occurs during early and mid-lactation and has traditionally been characterized by low rumen pH, but lactic acid does not accumulate as in acute lactic acid acidosis. Managing the disease, rather than eliminating it, has been suggested in high-producing dairy herds. SARA was induced in vitro to appraise the effectiveness of Megasphaera elsdenii inoculation. Rumen fluid was collected from 2 ruminally cannulated Holstein heifers. Medium was prepared by mixing macromineral (200 ml), micromineral (0.1 ml), buffer (200 ml), reduction (40 ml) and resazurin (1 ml) solutions as well as distilled water (400 ml). The media was then added with a test diet consisting (g/kg) of 550-soluble starch, 260-glucose, 60-cellulose, 70-cellobiose and 60-tripticase, at levels of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 70 and 100 g/l. After determining its level causing SARA as reflected by pH (~5.8) in preliminary experimentation, the substrate (test diet, 25 g/l) were incubated with presence of 0, 105, 106, and 107cfu M. elsdenii per ml at 39°C for 24 h. Rumen parameters were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. It is determined that most of the tested parameters are not influenced after inoculation of M. elsdenii, but the level of NH3-N (P<0.002) and Butyric acid (P<0.006) in rumen fluid, are observed to increase with the growth of bacterium level. When the bacterium is inoculated in the level of 7 cfu ml-1, it is reached to the highest level of butyric acid (20.29 mM). It is showed that the existent evidence is similar to other studies. In conclusion, addition of M. elsdenii into media, one of the predominant lactate-utilizing bacteria failed to reverse SARA in vitro.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, Vol. LVIII
Written by Valentina CEBOTARI, Ion BUZU, Ion TODERAŞ, Aurelian GULEA, Olga POSTOLACHI, Valeriu TODERICI, Olesea GLIGA

The aim of the research was to evaluate and test the influence of organic coordination compounds containing rare microelements, on the vital functions and on the development of the morpho-character of Apis mellifera bee colonies. Several experiments where conducted and was tested in feeding bees in spring (April 1 to 21) a period with poor harvest in nature, a nutritious blend of 50% sugar syrup supplement enriched with bioactive organic compound heteronuclear coordinative sulfate [tris-thiosemicarbazide cobalt (III)] [1, 2-diaminociclohexantetraacetat bismuth (III)] hexahydrate - [Co (tios) 3], [Bi (CDTA)] SO4 · 6H2O in aqueous solution with concentration of 1 mg% (hereinafter referred to as "compound + Co + Bi), which was mixed with sugar syrup in a ratio of 2: 100, and was administered directly into the food of bees and bee families where feed with the nutrient in amount of 100 ... 130 ml for every frame with bees, every 2 days for a period of three weeks. Bee colonies were formed into three lots, each lot formed from 16 families, of which: group I - control, which were fed only with sugar syrup 50%, group II - prototype, which where feed with sugar syrup by adding nutritional supplement enriched with patented "Apispir + Fe + It" (MD 477 Z 2012.09.30) and group III - experimental, which received sugar syrup enriched with supplement "compound + Co + Bi". The research results have shown that using energizing nutritional supplements enriched with biologically active substances of organic compounds coordination in bee feeding in times when there is a poor harvest in nature, helps stimulate vital functions of bee families and increase their productivity: the prolificity of queen - with 5.2 to 9.7% (P <0.001); the amount of capped brood - with 5.2 to 9.7% (P <0.001); family strenght- by 2.5 to 9.7% (P <0.1s P <0.001); disease resistance - by 2.4 to 5.0% (P <0.001); brood viability - with 1.2 to 2.2% (P <0,01s (P <0.001); the amount of accumulated bee bread in brood chamber- by 15.0 to 23.3% (P <0.001), an increased amount of wax combs - by 21.4 to 39.3% (P <0.001) and the amount of honey accumulated in the colony - with 13.9 to 25.4% (P <0.01 and P <0.001). The beneficial effect of feeding bees with biologically active nutritional supplements Apispir + Fe + + Co + Se and Bi compound denotes the fact that in the spring (March-April), a period poor in harvesting, in the area studied, in nature there is a shortage of biologically active substances, including rare microelements.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, Vol. LVIII
Written by Reyhan GUVEN, Birol KILIÇ, Cem Okan OZER

In this study, effects of using different oil sources (sunflower oil, olive oil, fish oil, flax seed oil and nettle oil) in Japanese quail feeding on pH, colour, moisture, protein, fat, myoglobin, total iron, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and fatty acid composition of quail meat were investigated. After two weeks of prefeeding period with standard diet, quails were fed with diet containing five different oil sources for a period of five weeks and slaughtered at the end of the seven weeks. After that, breast meat was removed from carcass and physico-chemical properties of quail meat were evaluated. The results indicated that the meat samples obtained from quails fed with diet containing olive oil and nettle oil had the highest pH levels compared to other groups (p<0.05). No significant differences for fat, protein and moisture levels, and colour values among treatment groups were determined. The lowest myoglobin and total iron levels were determined in meat samples obtained from quails received diet containing flax seed oil and nettle oil (p<0.05). As far as lipid oxidation is concerned, the highest TBARS values were found to be in meat samples obtained from quails received nettle oil (p<0.05). It was determined that the ratio of polyunsaturated (PUFA) and saturated (SFA) fatty acids were higher than 0.4 and the highest PUFA/SFA ratio was found in the meat samples obtained from quails received flax seed oil in diet (p<0.05). Furthermore, quail meat obtained from quails fed with fish oil and flax seed oil had higher eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid compared to other groups (p<0.05). into quail diet.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, Vol. LVIII
Written by Carmen Georgeta NICOLAE, Dana Cătălina POPA, Adrian TUREK RAHOVEANU, Florentina DUMITRACHE, Dorina MOCUŢA, Ehud ELIA

The goal of the aquaponic system was to establish a self-sustaining herbs production in an applied research environment based on a home ornamental aquarium as a nutrient source for the plants. The study was conducted in two different stages. The first stage was to set up an aquarium with ornamental fish. This stage was conducted over a 40 days period (including water cycling). On this stage a 400 liters aquarium was set up then populated with Goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) and Bronze Corydoras (Corydoras aeneus). During the time needed to set up the aquarium, basil, oregano and parsley seedlings were prepared aside. Upon completing this stage, the seedlings were moved into the grow bed and an aquaponic system was established. Thus, the NO3 - rich water from the fish tank was directed to the grow bed. The working paper will present the steps to establish an ornamental aquarium, and how to turn it afterwards into a natural nutrients factory for a self-sustainable plant crop.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, Vol. LVIII
Written by Alexandru KELEMEN, Gheorghe Emil MARGINEAN, Livia VIDU

This paper aims to present the methods used so far for mathematical modelling and the optimization techniques of the dairy farming sector. Article content is based on the various papers published from 1940, a period which is considered to taken the first steps in mathematical modelling and optimization of technology used in dairy farming. In literature are described three main groups of optimization methods: intuitive methods (empirical, quantitative and qualitative analysis, graphs and charts, etc.), statistical and mathematical (clusters, dynamic series analysis, correlations, etc.) and operational research ( linear programming, non-linear programming, square programming, etc.). Currently, both farmers and staff involved in livestock research, have a number of computer softwares, very affordable, allowing quick and efficient analysis of information that build mathematical models developed to optimize dairy farming technology. In addition, these programs allow maximum freedom in terms of how the mathematical models are constructed and their degree of complexity. A good example is the optimization of feed rations and recipes that can be made with specialized softwares or general softwares such as Excel. In both cases, the biological limits imposed restrictions on the model, but the human factor is the one who decides the number of feeds or the number of nutrients that make the object of optimization. Mathematical modelling and optimization activities in this area are of greatest interest because they allow, through a systemic and causal approach of the phenomena that occur in the dairy farm system, achieving economic goals such as minimizing costs, optimizing the use of available resources and maximizing income or profit.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, Vol. LVIII
Written by Monica-Elena BURAC, Manuela PASCAL, Adriane WOEHL WENIGERKIND, Alin BÎRȚOIU

The aim of this paper was to compare two non-animal macromolecules (methyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl-starch) as an alternative to bovine serum albumin supplement in the bull sperm capacitation medium. Attention was paid to the rate of penetrated oocytes and to the polyspermic fertilization in order to assess the effect of these substances on bull semen capacitation.435 class one and two oocytes were matured in TCM -199supplemented with bovine serum albumin (3mg/ml) and FSH (0.88 mg/ml) for 24 hours at 38.5°C, 5% CO2 in saturated humidity. 21 straws from one single bull ejaculate were used. Sperm motility was assessed using Sperm Vision 3.7® (Minitübe, Germany) before the separation process. Sperm preparation was done on a commercial density gradient medium (BoviPure®, Nidacon, Sweden). Three groups were formed: the bovine serum albumin group (BSA at 6mg/ml), the methyl cellulose group (MC at 0.1mg/ml) and the hydroxyethyl-starch group (HES at 10mg/ml). Matured oocytes were co-incubated for 18 hours with the sperm (38.5°C, 5% CO2 in saturated humidity). After 18 hours, the oocytes were denuded, fixated and stained with acetoorcein in order to assess the penetration and pronuclear formation.77.80%±14.82% of the oocytes in the BSA group were not-penetrated, 22.20%±14.82% were penetrated and3.37%±2.37% were with polyspermy. In the MC and HES group respectively, 71.18%±21.66% and 60.23% ± 23.04% of the oocytes were not-penetrated, 28.82%±21.66% and 39.77%±23.04% werepenetrated and8.71%±6.3% and 13.74%±8.87% were with polyspermy. The physical characteristics of methyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl-starch were considered suitable for the in vitro production; they are all white powder, colourless and odourless in aqueous solution. The results showed that, there are no significant differences (p < 0.05) between methyl cellulose and bovine serum albumin regarding the penetration rate and the polyspermic fertilization, thus making methyl cellulose suitable to be used as an alternative supplement to the capacitation medium for bull semen.

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